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Scientists know when Yellowstone volcano could erupt

Researchers specializing in Yellowstone's supervolcano have made significant progress in determining when it might erupt.

Research published in the Nature journal highlights magma chambers within the Earth's crust and the potential dangers of a future volcanic eruption.

The research employed an innovative approach that identifies magma reservoirs by utilizing magnetic fields measured by devices positioned throughout Yellowstone National Park.

It has been discovered that the four underground magma reservoirs beneath Yellowstone hold more molten rock than the three major eruptions that created the Yellowstone caldera, the most recent taking place around 640,000 years ago.

Considering the substantial amount of magma present, scientists recognize that Yellowstone does not currently possess the prerequisites for a volcanic eruption, despite displaying alarming signs of activity in recent times.

"We have a significantly reduced concentration of magma in these pore spaces, resulting in fewer pore spaces filled with magma. This implies that these magmas are not able to connect with one another," stated co-author of the study and volcano seismologist, Ninfa Bennington.

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Underground anomalies discovered for the first time leave scientists baffled

A team of geophysicists from ETH Zurich and Caltech found anomalies in the Earth's lower mantle, revealing previously unknown rocky areas, as reported by Phys.

To uncover these discoveries, researchers utilized a new, high-resolution model of the Earth's mantle. The results revealed regions of submerged rocky terrain beneath significant oceans, as well as within the interiors of continents.

"It appears that these zones in the Earth's mantle are significantly more extensive than previously understood," stated Thomas Schouten, lead author and doctoral researcher at ETH Zurich's Geological Institute.

The origins of these geological peculiarities are not yet understood.

"They could be remnants from the ancient silica-rich rocks that have been present since the Earth's mantle formed approximately 4 billion years ago, miraculously remaining intact despite the ongoing convective movements within the mantle. Another possibility is that they are areas where iron-rich rocks have accumulated as a result of the mantle's slow, steady movement over an equally vast timescale," Thomas Schouten suggested.

(QG = Geo / Phys / Picture: Unsplash)

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5 brilliant players who are simply too good to be playing in Iran

Former Chelsea, Sunderland and Fulham stars are among the exceptionally talented footballers who are clearly more suited to playing at a higher level than in Iran.

The Persian Gulf Pro League is one of the most competitive football leagues in Asia and numerous prominent teams have made a significant impact in the league over the past few decades.

Here are five players who stood out to us as we reviewed the team rosters of every club in the Iranian top league.

Steven N’Zonzi

The French midfield player experienced an intriguing trajectory from a cult hero at Blackburn and Stoke to champion of the Europa League with Sevilla and also a winner of the World Cup in 2018.

Since turning thirty, the holding midfielder has spent time in Italy, Turkey, France, Qatar, and now Iran. He joined Sepahan last summer and became a teammate with another player listed below this one.

Didier Ndong

To this day, Ndong is still Sunderland's record signing. His surname is also a moderately used insult in certain areas of Wearside.

He arrived at the Stadium of Light in 2016 and Black Cats supporters likely remember the Gabon international with limited fondness. Ndong encountered challenges in displaying his top form at Sunderland, and his first season ultimately concluded with relegation.

Prior to his arrival in Iran this summer, the holding midfielder previously played in France, Turkey and Saudi Arabia.

Playing for Esteghlal alongside Kakuta, he'll undoubtedly be pocketing a sizable salary for not having a fixed schedule of football matches. Some life.

Gael Kakuta

Eden Hazard has described the DR Congo winger as one of the most naturally gifted players he has ever encountered.

“You asked me about talent. Kakuta is number one. I mean, talent. Wow,” Hazard told the Obi One Podcast.

It's clear-cut to say now, but I think he perhaps went a bit too early to Chelsea. He was just 16 when he moved from France to Chelsea. And making that step at 16 is a massive move.

Although he clearly had significant abilities, Kakuta's time at Chelsea never quite took off. Being indirectly to blame for the club facing a transfer ban wasn't a promising situation either.

Although he had some successful moments in France with clubs like Lens and Amiens, after spending his entire career playing in Europe, he relocated to Iran last summer to play for Esteghlal.

The thirty-three-year-old has made thirteen appearances since making the change to this new position, yet he remains with an unbroken record, awaiting a goal.

Lucas Joao

The player, Joao, during his peak was known to cause great concern among Championship defences.

The Luxembourg international scored 74 goals during his stint in England and since 2018, he’s been playing in various Asian leagues.

After brief stints in China and Qatar, the 31-year-old made the move to Iran and joined Persepolis.

At the time of writing, he has made seven appearances for Persepolis but has yet to score his first goal for the club.

Aboubakar Kamara

The notorious former Fulham forward, nicknamed AK.47, has been a beloved cult icon at several teams throughout his career.

His time in England was certainly memorable as he won two promotions from the Championship during his days at Craven Cottage.

He is still young, having only turned 29, and there is still plenty of life ahead of him. Having most recently played in Greece, he made the move to Iran last summer to join Sepahan, who top the league alongside other teams.

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7 Man Utd academy graduates who flopped after leaving Old Trafford

Marcus Rashford seems to be edging closer to leaving Manchester United.

Wythenshawe's best might be motivated by Scott McTominay's achievements at Napoli, Angel Gomes' England call-ups following outstanding performances at Lille, or Paul Pogba's rise to stardom at Juventus, an era long past. Those individuals have demonstrated that there can be a future beyond Old Trafford for former Carrington trainees.

Not every Manchester United academy graduate achieved success at other clubs. We've found seven examples of homegrown players who faltered after leaving the club.

Jesse Lingard

Lingard made over 200 appearances for his hometown club, and his career undoubtedly reached its pinnacle with the match-winner in Manchester United's 2016 FA Cup final victory over Crystal Palace.

He arguably never looked better than during his impressive half-season loan stint at West Ham in 2021, when he scored nine goals in just 16 Premier League appearances for the club.

The standout performance at the London Stadium made him appear to have all the skills to excel elsewhere, but his career stagnated upon his return to his parent club, where he was relegated to a bench warmer and watched his contract expire unused.

He reportedly turned down a permanent return to West Ham because of a more financially attractive offer from Nottingham Forest, but he was one of several players who failed to make any notable impression as part of the newly-promoted club's uncoordinated and haphazard transfer strategy.

After just one season at the City Ground, Lingard spent around seven months scouting potential clubs before ultimately selecting the unconventional FC Seoul as his next destination.

Willy Kambwala

*So far.

We're not giving up on Kambwala just yet. He still has time ahead of him to be a success at the Ceramica.

It's now just half a year into the 20-year-old's first season outside of Old Trafford, and even in the midst of Manchester United's woeful 2023-24 season he looked promising in his initial appearances.

The club's decision to sell for an estimated €11.5 million may not seem like a bad deal at this point in time. Kambwala's transition to Villarreal has not gotten off to a good start; he has only made two appearances in La Liga and was given a straight red card in one of those games. Ouch.

Brandon Williams

We often refer to a player as a flop when they fail to get a card they are trying to catch, especially in games like poker or gin rummy. Yet could that,-under specific rules, possibly depend on the particular game, differentiate the handling of such a situation into hit or miss?

The fact that Williams has been a free agent for six months at this stage in his career indicates that his career hasn't progressed as expected, considering he was once considered a promising young player with great potential to become a United fan favorite, especially given his early impressive performances at left-back.

A 2021-22 loan with Norwich City did not spark his career, nor did a brief stint at their rivals Ipswich Town last season amidst off-field controversies that involved court claims he "inhaled laughing gas from balloons" before a high-speed car crash.

He's still only 24 and could yet achieve a promising future if he focuses and trains hard. But we have our misgivings.

Adnan Januzaj

This sentence might be a bit strong for the Belgian winger, who made more than a hundred appearances over the course of five seasons with Real Sociedad.

He had his standout moments during his time in the Basque Country and was part of the team that prevailed in the historic 2020 Copa del Rey final against local rivals Athletic Club, although he did not make an appearance off the bench in the final.

Ultimately, though, Januzaj's post-United career gives us an overwhelming feeling of 'meh'. Did we envision him performing thrillingly in his debut appearances at Old Trafford? Or was the media just desperate to find a shred of positivity in the brief David Moyes era?

Timothy Fosu-Mensah

We feel somewhat sorry for including the Dutchman, as he has encountered really terrible misfortune with injuries.

Bayer Leverkusen seemed to be a suitable match for Fosu-Mensah, who joined in January 2021 for a low transfer fee after struggling to make the team's first team at Old Trafford. However, a knee ligament injury just a few weeks after arriving ended his time in Germany.

In three and a half seasons, he made only 30 appearances for Leverkusen, including a grand total of zero in their historic double-winning campaign under Xabi Alonso last term. That meant he wasn't eligible for any medals before his quiet departure in the summer. Poor fellow.

According to recent reports, he has returned to training with Ajax. It would be an intriguing comeback story if he can make a successful return with his beloved childhood club.

Cameron Borthwick-Jackson

Manchester born left-back Borthwick-Jackson was a favourite of Louis van Gaal's, although maybe it was apparent to everyone else that he didn't quite have what it took to secure a spot at his hometown club, it was justifiable to assume that he would have had a reasonably decent enough career.

No, indeed not. The 27-year-old is currently without a club, having been released by Slask Wroclaw following a failed loan spell away to Ross County last season. That’s a bleak statement, isn’t it?

Scott Wootton

Going back to the late Fergie era, we can include Wootton in the category of players who would have been suitable for other clubs.

The player joined his former rivals Leeds United in 2013 after he was released but had a difficult time at Elland Road during their period of average performance in the second tier before the arrival of Bielsa.

After departing from Leeds, Wootton persisted in his quest to secure a lucrative career, playing for clubs within the lower divisions of the Football League, including MK Dons, Plymouth, Wigan Athletic, and Morecambe, before transferring to the Australian A-League team Wellington Phoenix in 2013.

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Mysterious ghost island; spotted by NASA - before vanishing entirely

The notion of an "island of the dead" or a secretly abandoned place might evoke a plotline from a popular mystery series.

It has become a reality in the Caspian Sea.

Satellites spotted a mysterious island, only to lose sight of it entirely.

Following an eruption of a mud volcano in the year 2023.

By late 2024, it had almost entirely dissolved.

According to NASA's Earth Observation Program, the island shifted out of sight like a mysterious ghost.

'The Kumani Bank mud volcano's massive eruptions have resulted in several temporary islands forming on multiple occasions since it first erupted in 1861,' it explained.

This underwater feature is also known as Chigil-Deniz and is situated approximately 15 miles west of Azerbaijan's eastern coast, at a distance of about 25 kilometers.

NASA's Landsat 8 and 9 satellites took images of the island on November 18, 2022, February 14, 2023, and December 25, 2024.

In November, the volcanic peak was still submerged underwater.

By February, however, the island had emerged, and a sediment plume drifted away from it.

Mark Tingay, a geologist at the University of Adelaide, stated that additional satellite observations indicate that the island existed between January 30 and February 4 and measured approximately 400 meters (1,300 feet) in diameter.

However, by the end of 2024, this island had vanished out of sight with more than half of the Kumani Bank exposed above the water.

Previous eruptions of the volcano have taken place in bursts lasting under two days, and have resulted in the formation of islands of varying sizes and durations.

'A significant May 1861 event led to an island formation measuring approximately 87 meters in width and 3.5 meters in height above the water level,' NASA stated.

The one eroded away by early 1862.

The most powerful eruption, which occurred in 1950, resulted in the formation of an island that measured 700 meters (2,300 feet) in diameter and 6 meters (20 feet) in height.

Mr Tingay describes mud volcanoes as "weird and wonderful features" but admits that they are "largely understudied and little understood".

Most mud volcanoes are located in areas with significant tectonic activity, with Azerbaijan noteworthy for its unusually high frequency of such occurrences.

'Geologists have recorded over 300 earthquakes in eastern Azerbaijan and in the Caspian Sea, with the majority of them occurring on land,' NASA said.

'The region is situated within an area where the tectonic plates of the Arabian and Eurasia converge and come into contact.'

Unfortunately, mud volcanoes have the potential to pose a risk due to their capability to eject significant quantities of materials, including flames, over a relatively short duration.

"It is uncertain if the 2023 Kumani Bank eruption was explosive, but past eruptions of this and other nearby mud volcanoes have sent towering columns of fire hundreds of meters into the air," NASA noted.

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